Circulatory System
Circulatory System
The system that circulate blood and lymph through the body, Consisting of the heart , blood vessels and glands.
Cardiovascular system:- The system that circulate blood through heart to whole body. it has a very important function getting oxygen and nutrients to your entire body and removing waste.
Heart
Heart:- Heart is a cone shaped hollow muscular organ. its apex is above and base is below. its about weight is 250g and 350g. Female heart less than male heart.
Position of the heart
It lies in mediasternum in the thoracic cavity between the both lungs and behind the sternum slightly bended to left side.
Structure of the heart
Vena cava:- A large vein that carries deoxygenated blood to the heart from other areas of the body.
The vena cava has two parts the superior vena cava and the interior vena cava.
Superior vena cava :- The superior vena cava is carries blood from the head, neck, arm and chest.
Interior Vena cava :- The interior vena cava carries blood from the legs, feet and pelvic.
* The vena cava is the largest vein in the body.
Heart Chambers:- A typical heart has four chamber ( Two upper and two lower chamber).
The upper chamber is known as atrium. It is divided into two part, The right atrium and the Left atrium.
The lower chamber is known an Ventricles. it is also divided into two part , The right ventricles and the left ventricles.
Heart Valve:- A heart valve is a one-way valve that allows blood flow in one direction through the chamber of the heart. Four valve is usually present in heart.
The mitral valve
The tricuspid valve
Aortic Valve
Pulmonary valve
Mitral valve:- Mitral valve is present between the left atrium and left ventricles.
Tricuspid valve:- Tricuspid valve is present between the right atrium and right ventricles.
Aortic valve :- Aortic valve is present between the left ventricles and aorta.
Pulmonary valve:- Pulmonary valve is present between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery.
Septum:- The two sides of the heart separated by a thin tissue wall called the septum.
Aorta :- The largest artery in the body. it carries oxygen rich blood away from the heart to vessels.
Layer of the heart
Heart is made up of three layer structure, Pericardium, Myocardium and endocardium.
Pericardium :- Pericardium is the most outer layer of the heart.
Myocardium :- Myocardium is the middle layer of the heart.
Endocardium :- Endocardium is the most inner layer of the heart.
Blood circulation through the heart
Type of blood Circulation
* Systemic Blood Circulation
* Coronary Blood Circulation
* Pulmonary blood Circulation
* Portal blood Circulation
Systemic Blood Circulation:- Systemic blood circulation is a system that carries oxygenated blood to body tissue from the heart and carries deoxygenated blood to heart from body tissue (capillaries).
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| Coronary Blood Circulation |
Pulmonary Blood Circulation:- This blood circulation supply deoxygenated blood to lungs from heart and carries oxygenated blood to heart from the lungs.
Portal Blood Circulation:- This blood circulation supply oxygenated blood and nutrients to liver through blood .
Cardiac cycle
One cardiac cycle:- One cardiac cycle mean blood entry in heart and complete cycle then exit from heart that duration is one cardiac cycle that about 0.8 second.
Event of cardiac cycle;-
The cardiac cycle has mainly two event
Cardiac Systole
Cardiac Diastole
Cardiac Systole :- It is the event of contraction of heart due to cardiac impulses in which event blood exit from heart due to contraction.
* It is further divided into two classes
i) Atrium Systole
ii) Ventricular Systole
i) Atrium Systole:- In this event only atrium of heart is contracted and blood move to atrium to ventricle and cross tricuspid valve and mitral valve.
ii) Ventricular Systole :- In this event ventricle of heart contracted due to movement of impulses AV node to bundle of his and purkinje fibres which lead to blood move to ventricle to aorta and pulmonary valve.
Cardiac Diastole:- In this event heart relaxed and blood filled in empty chamber of heart. The duration is 0.4 second.
Conducting System
The heart conducting system is the network of nodes, cells and signals that control heartbeats. Each time heart beats electrical signal travel through heart. these signal cause different part of heart to expend and contract.
Or
Heart is a hollow muscular organ. It is made up of three layer structure . Myocardium is middle layer of heart. It composed to cardiac muscle. when middle layer exchange k+ and Na+ ions then cardiac impulses generate and it is responsible for pumping of the heart. The impulses generates in SA Nodes and supply in the heart. It is called conducting System .
Component of Conducing system
* Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)
* Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)
* Atrioventricular Bundle ( of his)
* Purkinje fibres
Sinoatrial Node:- It is called pacemaker of the heart or heart of the heart. since it generates impulses (70/min). It initiate the contraction of cardiac muscle produce heart beats.
Av node:- Cardiac impulses comes S.A Nodes to AV nodes. it's duration is 0.1 second.
It is smaller compared to the SA Node.
Bundle of his :- Cardiac impulses is transfer to branches through AV node and divided.
Purkinje Fiber:-
Blood Vessels
Blood vessels is define as circular shape pipe line structure present in human body which mainly act in transportation of blood.
Type of Blood vessels
* Artery
* Arteriole
* Capillaries
* Vein
* Venules
Artery :- Artery is smallest form of aorta. it carry oxygenated blood .
Arteriole :- Arteriole is smallest form of artery. Blood flow less then to artery.
Capillaries:- Arterioles is supply oxygenated blood to capillaries. Capillaries is exchange nutrients . it is also known as connecting vessels.
Venules:- It is smallest form of vein. It carry deoxygenated blood.
Vein:- Vein is connect to vena cava.
Structure of Blood vessels
Layer of blood vessels
* Tunica extrema
* Tunica Media
* Tunica intima
Tunica Extrema:- It is outer layer of blood vessels which compose by epithelial tissue. it act as protection, secretion, absorption and excretion.
Tunica Media:- It is middle layer of blood vessels which compose by fibrous muscular tissue muscular tissue. It help to movement. It help to transport blood.
Tunica Intima:- It is inner layer of blood vessels which compose by squamous epithelial tissue. It is smooth and act as lubricant. It is protect to broken.
Lumen:- The difference between wall of blood vessels is called lumen.
Difference between Artery and Vein
Function of blood vessels.
* It is a medium of blood transportation.
* Blood vessels help to carry nutrients and oxygen.
* It help to carry waste product.
* It help in temprature regulation.
* It act in harmonal traveling.
* It also carry antigen and antibody in blood.
Blood Pressure
Blood pressure is define as the lateral pressure exerted by flowing blood on the walls of the blood vessels.
Or
Blood pressure is defined as a pressure that create in walls of blood vessels by the following blood in blood vessels.
Type of blood pressure
* Systolic pressure
* Diastolic pressure
* Pulse pressure
Systolic pressure:- The pressure of blood as result of contraction of ventricles. Systolic pressure is 120 mmHg.
Diastolic Pressure:- The pressure of blood as result of relaxation of ventricles. Diastolic pressure is 80 mmHg.
Pulse Pressure:- The Pressure that major difference between systolic and diastolic pressure of blood. The normal pulse pressure is 40 mmHg
Factor maintaining blood pressure.
* Pumping force of the heart
* Viscosity of blood
* Quantity of circulatory blood
* Elasticity of blood vessels
* Peripheral resistance
Factor affecting blood pressure
Age:- By birth to puberty blood pressure high while puberty to death blood pressure is low.
Sex:- Female birth till monopaus blood pressure is low than men bur after monopaus blood pressure is high than men.
Exercise:- Body temprature increase during physical activity and blood pressure is also increase.
Rest Condition:- In rest condition body is relax so blood pressure is decrease.
Stress:- Blood pressure is high in stress.
Race:- African and amarican blood pressure is high than europian condition.
Meal:- After meal Blood pressure increase than before meal.
Medication:- Depend in medicine
Disease condition
BLOOD
Hematology:- The study of blood is hematology.
Blood:- Blood is a fluid connective tissue which composed by the blood cell and plazma and mainly act in transportation and protection.
Function of Blood
* Transportation
* Protection
* Absorption
* Secretion
* Insulation
* It carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.
* It help in excretion of waste.
* It help to temprature regulation
Composition of Blood.
RBC, WBC AND PLATELETES
* Discoid character in human body:- Placenta.
* Production of RBC:- Bone marron
* Production of WBC:- 70% RBC and 30% Spline
Coagulation of blood
Injured tissue and platelets release the clotting factors prothrombin activator and calcium ions.
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Prothrombin activator convert the blood protein prothrombin and thrombin
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Thrombin splits fibrinogen to fibrin
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Fibrin fibers form a mashover wound trapping RBC, and platelets bleeding stop
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Clote Hardness and become smaller
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New cell grow to repair wound
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Enzyme plasmin is released to dissolved
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