Reproductive System

Reproduction :- Reproduction is define as a biological process in which an organism give rise to young one similar to itself.

Reproductive Organ :- A biological organ that involve in the process of reproduction that is called reproductive organ. 

Reproductive System:- A Set of biological organ that involve in the process of reproduction. 

Male Reproductive System:- A male biological organ that involve in the process of reproduction that is called male Reproductive System.

Female Reproductive System:- A female  biological organ that involve in the process of reproduction that is called female Reproductive System. 

Female Reproductive System

Internal Female Reproductive Organ:- The organ that located inside the female reproductive system that is called internal female reproductive organ. 

Example:- Vagina, Uterus, Fallopian Tube, Overy.

External Female Reproductive Organ:- The organ that located the outside of the female reproductive system that is called external female reproductive organ.

° It is also known as vulva.

Example:- 

Accessory Female Reproductive Organ:-  The organ that indirectly help in reproduction that is called accessory female reproductive organ.

External Female Reproductive Organ 

The vulva is the term that describes all of the structures that make the female external genitalia. The components of the vulva are the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibular bulbs, vulva vestibule, Bartholin's glands, Skene's glands, urethra, and vaginal opening.

Mons pubis:- The mons pubis is a rounded mound of fatty tissue that covers the pubis bone. During puberty, It becomes covered with hair. It is superior border of vulva.

Labia Majora:- Two large fold forming the boundary of valva. Formed of skin and fibrous tissue. During puberty hair is growing in labia majora. It's length about 10 cm and width about 5cm. 

Labia Minora:- Two smaller folds of skin between labia majora. Cleft between the labia Minora is vestibule ( veginal opening, uretral opening, duct of vestibular gland.) It's length about 6 cm and width about 2 cm. 

Clitoris:- Clitoris leas in just above the urethral oriface which contains rich nerves sensation. it help to stimulate female for sexual arousal.

Vestibule:- The area between the labia minora is the vulva vestibule. This is a smooth surface that begins superiorly just below the clitoris. The vulva vestibule contains the opening to the urethra and the vaginal opening.

Bartholin's Glands:- The Bartholin's glands also known as the greater vestibular glands 

are two pea-sized glands located slightly lateral and posterior to the vagina opening. These two glands function to secrete a mucus-like substance into the vagina and within the borders of the labia minora. This mucus functions as a lubricant to decrease friction during intercourse and a moisturizer for the vulva.

Skene's Glands:- The Skene's glands, which are also known as the lesser vestibular glands are two glands located on either side of the urethra. These glands are secrete a substance to lubricate the urethra opening. This substance is also act as an antimicrobial. This antimicrobial is used to prevent urinary tract infections.

Uretral opening:-  Uretral opening is attached with urethra. It is opening of urethra. It's help to urine output. It present between clitoris and veginal opening.

Veginal Opening:- Veginal opening is attached with vegina. It is opening of internal female reproductive system. It help to child birth, mensuration discharge and sexual intercourse. 

Hymen:- Hymen is a piece of tissue covering or surrounding part of vaginal opening. It's formed during development and present during birth. 

Or

The hymen is a thin, ring-like form of tissue that represents the opening to the vagina.

Perineum:- The perineum is the area of skin between the opening of the vagina and the anus. It is typically between 2 and 5 centimetres long.

Boundary of valva 

Superior boundary:- Mon's Pubis

Lateral boundary:- Labia Majora 

Inferior boundary:- Perineum 

Blood supply to female reproductive system. 

Artery:- Internal pudendal artery which is the branch of the internal illiac artery.

Vein:- The Venus drainage of external female reproductive system is way the external and internal pudendal vein.

Nerves supply to valva :- The motar sensory and sympathetic nerves innervation of the external female genital organ from the pudendal nerve. The pudendal nerve will branch into three main branches

1. The dorsal nerves for clitoris.

2. The Perineum nerves for external genital area.

3. Inferior rectal nerves.

Muscle in valva

* Bunbospongious muscle

* Inschicanvernosus

* Deep transfer perinial muscle

* Superior transfer Perineum muscle

* Levatar Ani muscle

* Perineal body 

* External anal spencture

* External uretral spencture.

Internal Female Reproductive Organ

Vagina

It is most outer internal female reproductive organ. It is H shape fibrous muscular organ. It is communicating tube between the external and internal female reproductive system . It upper part is attached with uterus and lower part is attached with valva. It is also known as birth cannel.  It facilitate the child birth, coitus act ( sexual intercourse ) and expulsion of menstrual  blood. 

 Size:- The about length of vagina is 9 cm in posterior wall and 7 cm is interior wall.

Location of the vagina:- It located posterior of the urinary bladder and interior  of the rectum. 

 Blood supply of the vagina :- 

cirvico veginal artery which is the branch of uterine artery. 

pH of vagina :-  pH of vagina is 3.8 to 4.5 (acidic) due to the lactobacilia which is produce by dudarline bacillie.

Note;- the pH of vagina is acidic only in reproductive age, After the reproductive age pH will be alkaline or neutral.

Structure of vagina

The layer of vagina

1. Mucus coat layer

2. Sub Mucus layer

3. Muscular layer

4. Fibrous layer

The function of the vagina

1. It related with coitus act ( sexual intercourse).

2. Expulsion of product ( Placenta, and mensuration discharge). 

3. Excretion of waste products.

4. Storage of glycogen.

Uterus

It is a principal organ of internal female reproductive organ. It is pelvic organ. It provides shelter for fetus. The uterus is a muscular organ located in the female pelvis. It is also known as the womb and is responsible for housing and nourishing a developing fetus during pregnancy. The uterus is pear-shaped.

The weight of uterus is 60g ( 1kg during pregnancy). 

The length of uterus is 7.5 to 8cm ( 5x during pregnancy). 

The width of uterus is 5cm. The thickness of uterus is 1.5 cm. 

Location of the uterus:- It located posterior of the urinary bladder and interior of the rectum. 

Position of the uterus:- Antivertex with vagina and antiflexion with own body.

Structure of the uterus

Layer of the uterus 

 1. Perimetrium

 2. Myometrium

 3. Endometrium 

Perimetrium:- It is outer layer of uterus. It consists by fibrous tissue. It act as separation and protection.

Myometrium:- It is middle layer of uterus. It consists by longitudinal muscle fibrous 

The uterus is a muscular organ located in the female pelvis, which plays a crucial role in pregnancy and menstruation. It is composed of three layers:

1. Endometrium: This is the innermost layer of the uterus, which lines the uterine cavity. It is made up of glandular tissue and stroma, and its thickness varies throughout the menstrual cycle. The endometrium undergoes changes in response to hormonal signals, and it is shed during menstruation if pregnancy does not occur.

2. Myometrium: This is the middle layer of the uterus, which consists of smooth muscle tissue. The myometrium contracts during labor to help push the baby out of the uterus. It also contracts during menstruation to help expel the shed endometrial tissue.

3. Perimetrium: This is the outermost layer of the uterus, which consists of a thin layer of connective tissue and serous membrane. It helps to anchor the uterus in place within the pelvis.

Part of the uterus

 It has three parts:

1. Fundus: The upper part of the uterus that is rounded and bulges slightly above the fallopian tubes.

2. Body: The middle part of the uterus that is the largest and thickest.

3. Cervix: The lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina.

° During pregnancy, the endometrium thickens to provide a nourishing environment for the developing fetus. 

Function of the uterus

° Permile sperm to scan towards the fallopian tube.

° Pregnency site

° Nutritional source for the zygote until the Placenta develop.

° Provide a safe environment, protect and matures the growing embryo and fetues.

° Labor :- The uterus is also responsible for contracting during labor to push the baby out of the body.

° Mensuration:- The uterus is lined with a thick layer of tissue called the endometrium, which thickens and sheds during each menstrual cycle. 

Fallopian Tube ( Urinary tube)

It is a narrow tube like structure associated with funds of uterus and overy. It take place of fertilization. It is 10 cm tube each side.

° The fallopian tubes are a pair of thin, muscular tubes that extend from the uterus to the ovaries. They are responsible for transporting the egg from the ovary to the uterus and providing a site for fertilization to occur.

Part of fallopian tube 
1. Intramural
2. Isthemus
3. Ampula
4. Infundibulam 

Layer of fallopian tube 
° Sacrus 
° Muscular layer 
° Mucus layer

The fallopian tubes have three parts:
1. Infundibulum: The funnel-shaped opening near the ovary that catches the released egg.

2. Ampulla: The wider, middle part of the tube where fertilization usually occurs.

3. Isthmus: The narrowest part of the tube that connects to the uterus.

The inner lining of the fallopian tubes is made up of ciliated cells and secretory cells, which help move the egg through the tube and nourish it until it reaches the uterus.

OVERY

It is female gameds which produce female germs cell ovum. The primary function of overy to release ovum. The secondary function of overy is release of Estrogen & Progeston hormone with the help of carpus luteum. 

Shape:-   Egg like stucture

* The primary function of estrogen & progeston is help in the development on the secondary sexual symptoms.

 * Note:- Secondary sexual symptoms 

            . Thelarche

            . Adrenarche 

            . Pubarchae

            . Menarche

            . Increase Height 

            . Voice Change

            . Attract with oposite sex / Gender

Structure of Overy 

*  Mesubrum :-  The place which associate with overy.

* Medula :- The blood & Nerves vessels present in medulla.

* Cortex :- It is outer layer of overy. The ovum is mature in overy. It help to protection. 

                    Or 

It is a framework of connective tissue that called ovum covered by germenal epithelial. It contain ovarian follicales various stage of maturity. 

Oogenesis 

Pre Modul follicle ( Day 1) 

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Rapidly grow follicular layer 

(Start maturity till 12 days) 

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Graphian follicle 

( Center ovum side follicle layer & a liquid which provide nutrient ) 

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Rupture Graphian follicle 

( At 14 days and release ovum) 

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Mature ovum release estrogen

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Ovulation 

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Egg release in Fallopian Tube 

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Rupture follicle convert into corpus luteum 

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Maturation of corpus luteum

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Release Progeston 

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Corpus albicans 

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Corpus menstrualis 

Mensuration Cycle 

 Mensuration cycle a physiological process . It is the visible manifestation of cyclic physiological uterine bleeding to the shading of endometrium outflow through the vagina followed by invisible interplay the hormones mainly in H. P. O. axis . 

H.- Hypothalamus 

P.- Posterior pituitary gland

O.- Overy 

 Criteria of Normal Mensuration Cycle 

 * H.P.O. axis should be coordinated .

 * Uterine endometrium must be responsible for the hormone.

* Outflow track must be patent.

Condition of Age Of Normal Mensuration Cycle

* 13 year of age in monarchy. 

* Repeat in every 28 days.

* Range 21- 35 days

* 13 Mencens in every year 

* 400 Mencens in reproductive age. 

* Blood loss 20 to 80 ml per mences.

* Average blood loss 35 ml .

* Bleeding duration 2-7 days. 

Phases of Mensuration Cycle 

1) Uterine Change 

      i) Bleeding Phase (1-5 days)

     ii) Polyferative phase ( 6-14 days) 

    iii) Secratory phase 15- 28 days)

2) Ovarian Phase 

      i) Follicular phase (14 days)

     ii) Luteal phase ( 14 days)

 Change in Overy ( Ovarian Phase) 

* Follicular Phase

 Follicular stimulate Hormones (F.S.H.)

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Follicle

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Growth 

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Dominant follicle grow fast

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Growing follicle release estrogen 

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Supress the F.S.H. & stimulate the L.H.

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Mature follicle 

(Graphian Follicle) 

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Rupture graphian follicle

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Release ovum

( Ovulation 14 days) 

* Leuteal phase

Rupture pieces of graphian follicle 

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Called Corpus luteum 

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Release estrogen and progeston 

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Mainly progeston & less estrogen 

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Mature of Corpus luteum 

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|                                                |

Fertilization                          Fertilization
absent                                     present
||                                                ||

Corpus luetum                     Corpus luetum

at albicans                                        veron

||                                                    ||

Carpus Luteum                            Remain upto

menstruiles                                     3 months 

||                                                         

Disappear in                                                    

28 days                                                    

Changes in Urethra (Uterian phase)

* Bleeding Phase 

 Disappear of corpus luetum

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Decrease estrogen & Progeston 

( estrogen in vasodilator)

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Uterine vasocontraction

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Hypoxia & Ischemia and irreversible Necrosis in endometrium

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Endometrium cell dead

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Bleeding from uterine artery

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Hematometra

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Sensation

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Hypothalamus

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Posterior Pituitary gland

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Oxytocin

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Visible manifestation and menstrual blood

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Bleeding phase

 * Polyferative phase (6-14 days) 

Increase estrogen and progeston due to follicular phase in overy

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 Hyperplasia 

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Increas thickness of endometrium 

(2-3 mm at the end of polyferative )

* Secretory Phase ( 15- 28 days)

Corpus luteum form in overy

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Estrogen         &         Progeston

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Hyperplasia               Hypertrophy

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Preparation of uterine inner wall for next mensuration 

Mammary GLAD / BREAST

It is an mammary gland which develop or increase after the puberty. (Due to the estrogen & Progeston).

Location:- It spread 2nd ribs to 6th ribs in a female thorasic cage.

Structure of the breast 
it consist by the three type of tissue
  i)  Fatty Tissue
 ii) Connective Tissue
iii) Fibrous Tissue 

 i) Fatty Tissue:- It Provide size to breast . It is most abundant tissue in female breast . The Breast size is defferent in every female. It consist the base of breast.  

ii) Connective Tissue :-  It provide structural support to breast and it connect tissue with each other. 

iii) Fibrous Tissue:-  It spread secretary lobules sequre breast. 

Male Reproductive System

Male Reproductive System is a set of male biological organ that involve in the process of reproduction.

It is consist by the organ involving testes, Ducts of testes, accessory gland and supportive structure. 

Testes

Testes is a internal male Reproductive organ. It is a male gametes. It has paired oval shape. It house in scrotum. It length about 5cm and 2.5 cm in diameter. It develop in posterior abdominal cavity near by kidney in early prenatal stage. It down the late stage of pregnancy ( about 7 month). 

Layer of testes 

  i) Tunica Vaginalis 

 ii) Tunica Albuginea

iii) Seminiferous tubules

i) Tunica Vaginalis:- It is most outer membrane. it derived from the peritoneum. This is a double membrane that covers the testes partially.

ii) Tunica Albuginea:-  it  is a layer of dense white fibrous connective tissue. it is middle layer of testes. it divides the testis into a number of small, internal compartments known as lobules.

iii) Seminiferous tubules:- Tightly coiled tubules are called seminiferous tubules. 

Beneath the tunica vaginalis, there called tunica albuginea. The tunica albuginea extends inwards and  Each of the 200-300 lobules contains 1-3 tightly coiled tubules. called the seminiferous tubules, where sperms are produced by a process called spermatogenesis.