Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Respiratory system :- A set of a biological organ that involve in the process of respiration that is called respiratory system.
Or
A network of organ and tissue that help to breathe include airways an blood vessels.
Respiration:- Respiration is a process which an organism provide
Respiration is a process of inspiration and expiration of air.
Type of respiratory system
1) Upper respiratory system
2) Lower respiratory system
Structure of respiratory system
2) Sinuses:- The hollow area between the bones in head that regulate the temperature and humidity of air.
3) Pharynx:- The tube that deliver air from mouth and nose to trachea or windpipe. it has further divided into three part
Oral Pharynx :- It assosiate with mouth.
Nasopharynx:- It assosiate with nose.
Laryngopharynx:- It assosiate with larynx.
4) Larynx:- Larynx is a hollow organ in respiratory system that produce sounde and it also known as voice box.
5) Trachea:- Trachea is also known as windpipe and it is the passage of connecting throught the lungs 🫁. Semicircular cartilage are present in trachea and inner line of trachea composed by epithelial tissue which provide smoothness and protection.
6) Lungs:- The lungs is principal organ of respiratory system. Lungs is spongy muscular organ that filled with air. The about weight of both lungs 🫁 is 1300g. Lungs 🫁 is composed by several bronchoi, bronchiols and network of airsac.
7) Bronchi:- The tube that present in the bottom of treachea and connect with each lungs.
8)Bronchiols :- Small branches of bronchoi that lead to alvoli.
9) Alveoli :- Tiny airsacs in the lungs where the exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide.
10) Diaphram :- Diaphram is a dome shape hollow muscular organ which lies between the thorasic and abdominal cavity. It mainly help in the process of respiration.
11) Inter costal muscle:- A muscle that present between the ribs or intercostal space which is two types of intercostal muscle, internal intercostal muscle and external intercostal muscle. it necessary for the respiration.
Lungs🫁
Lungs:- Lungs is a principal lower respiratory organ. It is spongy organ that filled with air and mainly act in the process of respiration. It has pair in human body.
Location of the lungs:- Lungs 🫁 lies in thorasic cavity, each side of the heart 🫀 and bihinds the ribs.
Weight of the lungs 🫁 :- Lungs is weight about 1300g. Right Lungs weight about 450g. Left lungs weight about 400g.
Shape of the lungs 🫁:- Roughly cone shape
Pleural :- The outer covering membrain of lungs is called pleural. It is composed of two layer Vislar pleural and Parital pleural.
Vislar Pleural :- Vislar pleural is inner layer of lungs. It attached with lungs wall.
Parital pleural :- Partial pleural is outer layer of lungs. It attached with chest wall.
Pleural space :- Pleural space is space that present between Vislar pleural and Parital pleural. It filled with pleural fluid. It protect from friction.
Fissure:- There are two types of fissure.
1. Horizontal fissure
2. Oblic fissure
Horizontal fissure:- Horizontal fissure are present in both lungs.
° Horizontal fissure present between upper lobe and middle lobe in right lungs.
° Horizontal fissure present between upper lobe and lower lobe in left lungs.
Oblic fissure:- Oblic fissure present between middle lobe and lower lobe in right lungs.
Trachea:- Trachea is also known as windpipe and it is the passage of connecting throught the lungs 🫁. Semicircular cartilage are present in trachea and inner line of trachea composed by epithelial tissue which provide smoothness and protection.
Bronchi:- The tube that present in the bottom of treachea and connect with each lungs.
Bronchiols :- Small branches of bronchi that lead to alveoli.
Alveoli :- Tiny airsacs in the lungs where the exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Surface of the lungs
Costal Surface
Middle Surface
Lateral Surface
Inferior Surface
Costal Surface:- Costal Surface is the front and outer portion of lungs 🫁 and it is present behind the ribs.
Middle Surface:- It is inside surface of lungs.
Lateral Surface:- It is outside surface of lungs.
Inferior Surface:- Inferior Surface is attached with dipharam. It is also known as diphragmetic surface.
Lobes of the lungs 🫁
Right lobes. Left lobes.
There are 3 lobes. There are 2 lobes.
1. Upper lobe 1. Upper lobe
2. Middle lobe 2. Lower lobe
3. Lower lobe
Cardiac notch:- Heart is present between both lungs and below bronchi and formed a notch that notch is called cardiac notch.
Interior structure of lungs 🫁
Trachea
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Principal bronchi
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Secondary bronchi
( Lobular bronchi)
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Tertuory bronchi
( Segmental bronchi)
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Terminal bronchi
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Alveolar duct
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Alveoli ( Air sac)
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Respiratory membrain
Bronchio pulmonary segment
Zone of the respiratory system
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Conducting zone Respiratory zone
(Nose to Bronchi) (bronchi to alvoli)
Difference between right lungs and left lungs
Function of the lungs 🫁
The main function of lungs can be described with the acromine VEEM
V- Ventilate the lungs
E- Extract oxygen from the air and transfer to the blood steam.
E- Excreat carbon dioxide and water vapor from the lungs.
M- Maintain the acid and base consistance of blood.
Physiology of breathing/ Respiration
Or
Process of breathing / Respiration
Or
Mechanism of breathing / Respiration
Muscle used in breathing
* Inter costal muscle:- 11 pair of inter costal muscle accupied in between the 12 pair of ribs. it is further divided into two classes.
1. Internal inter costal muscle
2. External inter costal muscle
Internal inter costal muscle:- It accupide in deep site and crossing the external inter costal muscle at right angle. It help in the process of expiration.
External inter costal muscle:- It is most superficial layer of inter costal muscle origent from the lower border of ribs about to the below of ribs. It help in inspiration.
Diaphram :- Diaphram is a dome shape hollow muscular organ which lies between the thorasic cavity and it mainly act in the process of respiration.
Physiology of respiration
Respiration process complite into two phases.
1. Inspiration
2. expiration
Inspiration phase
Diaphram and external inter costal muscle contract
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Ribs move upword and outword
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Volumn and thorasic cage increase
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Lungs 🫁 expaind
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Pressure in lungs is lower than the atmospheric pressure (na+ presseure develop)
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Air entry
Expiration Phase
Diaphram and External inter costal muscle relax and internal inter costal muscle contract.
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Ribs return normal position
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Volumn and size decrease
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Lungs pressure high
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Air exit
Gas exchange
Exchange of gases take place between alveoli and blood across the respiratory membrain ( External respiration) and between tissue across capillary membrain (internal respiration) by the across of diffusion.
Diffusion:- Movement of any substance from higher concentration to lower concentrations until equilibrium is established.
Partial pressure:- The pressure of exasted by the individual gas in a mixer of gases
Partial pressure of gases
Po2. Pco2
Atmospheric air. 159mmHg. 0.3 mmHg
Aleviolar air. 104 mmHg. 40 mmHg
Pulmonary capalaries 40mmHg 46 mmHg
Arterial end. 95mmHg. 40 mmHg
Body tissue 40mmHg. 46mmHg
Exchange gas between lungs and blood (external respiration)
The exchange of gases between alveoli and pulmonary capalaries is called external respiration in which gases exchange by diffusion because there is partial pressure of oxygen in alveoli is 104 mmHg and Partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 40 mmHg and the partial pressure of oxygen is 40 mmHg and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 46 mmHg in pulmonary capalaries . so oxygen transfer alveoli to pulmonary capalaries and carbon dioxide transfer pulmonary capalaries to alveoli.
Gas Exchange between blood and tissue (internal respiration)
The exchange of gases between arterial end ( capalaries) and body tissue is called internal respiration in which gases exchange by diffusion because there is partial pressure of oxygen in arterial end is 95 mmHg and Partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 40 mmHg and the partial pressure of oxygen is 40 mmHg and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 46 mmHg in body tissue . so oxygen transfer arterial end (capalaries) to body tissue and carbon dioxide transfer body tissue to arterial end (capalaries).
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