ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Anatomy :- It is the study of structure of human body.

Physiology:- It is the study of function of human body,

Termenology
* Anterior ------------     Front
* Posterior ------------    Back 

* Lateral    ------------   Outside

* Median ------------     Inside

* Superiar ------------    Above 

* Inferior   ------------   Down

* Cardiac ------------     Heart

* Pulmonari ------------ Lungs

* Renal -----------------  Kideney

* Hepto -----------------  Liver

* Optic ------------------  Eye

* Myo -------------------  Muscules

* Histo ------------------ Tissue

Cell

Cell:- Cell is discoverd by robert hook in 1665.

Definition of cell

Cell is the structural and function and smallest unit of the body.

Concept of cell

* Every cell generated from old cell

* Every cell characterstic transfer to new cell from old cell.

* The activity of body is depend on cell activity.

Structure of Cell

Cell Membrane:- The cell membrane also called the plasma membrane. It is found in all cell and separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. The cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer that is semipermeable.

* The cell membrane regulates the transport of material entering and exiting the cell.

* The plasma membrane provide protection for a cell. It provide shape and  size to body.

Nucleus:-  The nucleus is the large membrane  bounded organellise that contains genetic material, nuclear bodies and nucleoplasm.

Cytoplasm:-  Cytoplasm is the gelatinous liquid that filled the inside of a cell.

Protoplasm:- Protoplasm is the living part of the cell that plays a crucial role in the development of cell.

Mitochondria:- Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelies, they are known as the powerhouse of the cell. These organalles supply all the necessary biological energy to the cell by oxidizing the substrates available.

Golgi apparatus:-  The golgi apparatus prepare proteins and lipid (fat) molecules for use in other place inside and outside the cell. It help in energy distribution inside the cell.

Endoplasmic reticulum:- Endoplasmic reticulum usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid senthesis.

* Ribosomes attach to the surface of Endoplasmic reticulum that is called rough Endoplasmic reticulum.

* A smooth Endoplasmic reticulum does not have ribosomes on its surface.

Centrosome:- A centrosome is a cellular structure involved in the process of cell division.

Ribosome:- Ribosome a structure found inside cells that is involved in making proteins. Ribosomes help link amino acids together to form proteins.

Lysosomes:-  Lysosomes is white blood cell synthesise enzymes that digest foreign materials such as microbes.

* Lysosomes are also known as suicide bag because the enzymes of lysosomes eat up their own cell if the cell get damaged.

Function of the Cell

* Cell is the functional unit of the body.

* It provide shape and size to body.

* It provide structrual framework to body.

* It help to fluid exchange.

Cell Division

Cell division:- Cell division is a process where a parent cell divide into two or more daughter cell. Cell division is important because it help in growth and development and heal injury in the body.

Type of Cell

* Sometic Cell ( Mitosis )

* Germatic Cell ( Meiosis )

Sometic Cell Division:- Sometic cell division or mitosis cell division is where a parent cell divide into daughter cell in which they cal be divide again without further extra process.

Germatic Cell Division:-  Germatic Cell division or Meiosis cell division is when a cell is parmanantly transform into a cell that cannot be further develop intil furtilization.

Fases of cell divison

Inter Phase

G1 :- Increase metabolizm, size, growth.

S    :- Dublication or raplication of genetic matarial in nucloid.

G2 :-  Again increase metabolizm, size, Growth.

Karyokinesis

Pro Phase :- The nuclode is thick and organalize are disappear.

Meta Phase :- Cromosome are in center, cromosom in a line that is called equtoliar plate.

Meta Phase     

Ana Phase :- Spindle fibers in position and chromosomes being attracted to the poles.

Ana Phase       

Telo Phase :- Chromosomes in the pole and appear organalize.

Telo Phase                         

Cytokinesis :- Two new cell separating and build a new cell.

Meiosis :- This is the process of cell division that occurs in the reproductive cells. When it is fertilized the zygote has the diploid i.e. 46 Chromosomes half from the father and half from mother, Thus the child has some characteristics inherited from the mother and some from the father.                                             Determination of sex depends upon one pair of chromosomes the sex chromosomes in the female, both sex chromosomes are the same size and shape and are X chromosomes. In the male, There is one X chromosomes and a slightly smaller Y chromosomes. 

     *   Sperm X + Ovam X = Child XX Female

     *   Sperm Y + Ovam X =  Child XY Male