Cancer

Cancer is becoming a worldwide health problem.

Cancer also known as Tumor and study of cancer is caller Oncology.

Definition

Cancer mean uncontrol and abnormal division of cells. They are rapidly proliferate without any differentiation and apoptosis process.

Or

Cancer is a large group of diseases that occur when abnormal cells divide rapidly and can spread to other tissue and organs. These rapidly growing cells may cause tumors. They may also distrupt the body's regular functions.

* Cancer is one of the leading cause of death in the world. 

* 1 In 6 death in 2020 due to cancer.

* Cancer incidence is higher in female as compared to male.

* The most common cancer in female are cervix, breast, mouth and esophagus.

* The Breast cancer is associated with late marriage, birth of first child at later age and shorter period of breast feeding. Breast cancer is found more in urban compare to rural.

* Males :- Mouth, tongue, esophagus, stomach, trachea, bronchus and lungs.

*Types of Cancer

1) Benign Tumor

2) Malignant Tumor

1) Benign Tumor:- Benign is also called mass of cell. It can not separate one location to another location Means it is not show a Metastasis.

    This is a localised tumor means it present only one location not spread to other location.

This type of tumor can remover from the body because it is only located on surface of organ.

EX.  Lipoma :- Increase Fat cell (tumor)

        Myloma :-  Increase Muscle cell

        Fibromass:- Increase Fibrous cell (Uterus) 

2) Malignant Tumor :- Malignant tumor is very dangrous because it can spread or can transfer one location to other location.

Malignant tumor show Mctasis Process.

Type of Malignant tumor

 i) Carcinomas

ii) Sarcomas 

iii) Leukemia

iv) Lymphomas

i) Carcinomas :- Carcinomas is a type of melignant cancer. This type of cancer is start in ectodermal and endodermal tissue and continue separate one location to other location.

ii) Sarcomas :- Sarcomas is cancer which is mainly starts from the bone and continue separate one location to other location.

iii) Lymphomas :- Lymphomas is a cancer which is start in lyphatic system. it is also called lymphomas cancer.

iv) Leukemia :- Leukemia is a dangerous cancer which is mainly start in blood cell and it is very rapidly spread to all body parts. 

* Increase abnormal WBC.

-: Causes of cancer :-

A Special agent which can causes a cancer that is called carcinogen.

* Physical Agent

 - Betal 

 - Tabacco

 - Smoking

 - Alcohol

*Biological Agent 

 - Parasite

 - Sachistosoma Parasite

 - Virus :- Hepatitis B& C

                  Oncogenic virus

* Radiation 

 - X-Ray

 - Gama - Ray

 - UV Ray

 - Nuclear Bomb

* Other 

  - Chemical agent 

 - Indoor poluttion

 - Genetic factor 

 - Diet 

-: Sign & Symptoms :- 

• Fatigue
• Loss of apetites
• Swelling
• Chest pain
• Fever
• Weight loss 
• Night Sweats
• Headaches 
• Vision /Hearing problem
• Yellowish color of skin or eyes
• Cough
• Bally Pain
• Nausea and vomitting
• Lumps
• Shortness of breath
• Menstrual Change
• Bone Fracture
• Blood in urine

-: Diagnosis :-

* Biopsy :- This is a test where a small sample of tissue is taken from the suspwcted cancer with the help of a fine tipped needle.

* Blood Test :- Blood test can be performed to detect abnormal blood cell in blood.

* CT Scan :- A CT scan is an imaging test that uses radiation (x-rays) to create a detailed view of a specific area in your body. CT scans can show a tumor’s shape, size, and location. They can even show the blood vessels that feed the tumor – all without having to cut into the patient.
* MRI:- MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) uses radio waves and strong magnets to make detailed pictures of the inside the body.

* Ultrasound:- An ultrasound machine creates images called sonograms by giving off high-frequency sound waves that go through your body. As the sound waves bounce off organs and tissues, they create echoes. The machine turns these echoes into real-time pictures that show organ structure and movement and even blood flow through blood vessels. The pictures can be seen on a computer screen. An ultrasound (also known as ultrasonography, sonography, or sonogram) helps doctors look for tumors in certain areas of the body that don’t show up well on x-rays.
* Tumour markers:- 

* Endoscopy:- Endoscopy is a medical procedure that allows a doctor to view the inside of a person's body. 
* Bone scan

* Mammogram :-  High frequent sound to body organ, Breast cancer.

* Colonoscopy :- To view part of large intestine.

-: Treatment of Cancer :- 

1. Surgery :- Benign tumor can easy remove by surgery.

2. Radiation therapy :- Different type of radiation are used for the treatment of cancer. In radiation therapy radiation stop the growth of cancer cell without any harms.

3. Chemotherapy ;-  It is a process in which different antinuclear drugs are use which is inhibt a cancer cell DNA.

* Chemotherapy has some disadvantage as 

    - Hair loss

    - Weakness

    - Anemai

-: Complication :- 

- Cord Compression

- Intracranial hypertansion

- Superior Vena Cava syndrome

- Pleural effusion

- Intestinal obstruction

- Inflammatory Intestinal changes

- Urinary tract obstruction 

- Bleeding complications

- Heart failure

- Hemorrhage 

- Shock

- Death

-: Health Promotion :- 

1. Look after your mental health

2. Don't smoke

3. Be physically activity

4. Maintain a Healthy weight

5. Eat healthy diet

6. Limit alcohol - Zero is best

7. Stay connected with friends, family another survivors.

8. Get screening tests and go to your regular checks Ups

* The End *